Sunday, May 19, 2013

January 2013 CyberSelection: Open Knowledge Repository

The vast knowledge reserves of the World Bank are now available free via a sophisticated open access platform. The new Open Knowledge Repository (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org) was launched in April 2012, two years after the World Bank first made its statistical data available to the public (see Open Data http://data.worldbank.org/). At this second site, more than 2,000 books, articles, reports, and working papers can be searched, displayed in full text, and--here is the icing on the cake--distributed, re-used, and re-mixed for commercial purposes, through the World Bank's commitment to its Creative Commons CCBY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). The Open Access Policy for Formal Publications at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/04/16200740/world-bank-open-access-policy-formal-publications, implemented in July 2012, details the commitment of the World Bank to making its research freely available to the world at large.

The homepage is clean and simple. Thumbnail pictures and short descriptions of five New Publications are displayed on the large center and right-hand panels. The left-hand panel provides links to Browse, Advanced Search, Other (About, Terms of Use, FAQ), Site Statistics, Resources, social network sites, and RSS feeds. A simple search box is spread across the top of the main panel.

Search and Retrieval

Hoping to learn something positive about economic conditions in the country in which I live, I keyed spain into the search box. Results came immediately, showing 1-10 of 28 items. Each item listed title, author(s), date, and the first three lines of an abstract. I noticed that results are displayed automatically in Relevance order, descending, and that I could change the order to Title or Publication date, and ascending. I could also change the number of items displayed on a page to six other quantities from 5 to 100. I changed the display number to 40, requested Publication date, descending, order, and hit Apply.

The World Bank concentrates on reports of economic development and does a lot of trans-national comparisons. I had to skip over several items in the new results display before I found a citation with a visible mention of Spain. The first Spanish cite was "Corporate Growth, Age and Ownership Structure: Empirical Evidence in Spanish Firms," an article from the Journal of Business Economics and Management in 2011. Other interesting cites included "Public Transport Funding Policy in Madrid: Is There Room for Improvement?" (probably, but I personally think the Madrid transit system works unusually well already) and "Spain: Development, Democracy and Equity," in which the visible abstract reminded that "Spain stands as one of the few countries in the world which have completed a successful transition from authoritarianism and relative underdevelopment to democracy and economic abundance in the last half century."

Metadata Galore

You can get a full record display by clicking on the title in the initial results display. That action reveals the full abstract and a formatted citation, such as this one:

“Boix, Carles. 2004. Spain: Development, Democracy and Equity. © Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9209 License: CC BY 3.0 Unported.”

An "XML export" link clicked through to a page that showed the full citation, with abstract, with XML coding. I realized that I was beginning to see evidence that the World Bank is serious about allowing and encouraging its data to be distributed by others.

This record indicated the availability of a PDF download (size and name provided) and a link to "Associated URLs." At the associated URL I found a related report, World Development Report 2005, available in eight languages. There was also an indication of the Collection in which this report appeared (World Development Report Background Collection) and a link to a page for the collection.

Then I clicked on the "Show full item record metadata" link and I was blown away with detail--it was like looking at a coding sheet or full MARC record. In addition to six topic identifiers, there were assorted other fields to indicate language(s), dates of acquisition and availability, regions, and a Google Scholar link--and more. I was impressed with the thorough application of metadata and again realized that this content is easily adaptable for use by numerous other databases and aggregators. Viewing the metadata is also a good way to get ideas for searching using the Advanced Search interface, which you can get to by clicking a link in the left navigation column.

Advanced Search

When I went to the Advanced Search page (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/discover) I discovered that this is the page that is automatically shown at the top of the results screen after every search, even those done in the initial search box. In addition to the Sort options (previously mentioned) there are dropdown boxes for Search Scope and Filters. 

The Search Scope categories correspond to the Collections to which each item is assigned. They are:
Annual Reports & Independent Evaluations
Books
Journals
Working Papers
Economic and Sector Work (ESW) Studies
Knowledge Notes
Multilingual Content

Multiple Collections can be assigned to an item, but--this is one of the few criticisms I have of this interface--you cannot select more than one Collection to search at one time. The default search scope is All of the OKR. Information about most of the Collections is available under an "I" icon next to the collection name in the Browse portion of the left-hand panel (not on the search form, but you can view it conveniently by opening another browser window).

Journals includes articles published in World Bank-published journals, but also articles published by World Bank authors in external journals. Knowledge Notes are "short briefs (typically 4-6 pages in length) that capture lessons of experience from Bank operations and research in a succinct and easily digestible format (and usually reference larger works found elsewhere in the OKR)." Multilingual Content indicates works with PDFs in languages other than English; records are in English and therefore must be searched only in English, but the full text of the item is often available in a wide variety of other languages.

Filters (Title, Author, Publication Date, Topic, Region, Keyword, and Country) are available for fielded search. Select a filter and enter the value in the small search box to the right of the filter name. Although there are no instructions on how to do this, some guidance is available from the examples of records shown immediately below the search form. More guidance can be found by examining the rich facet display for any given set of search results. Lists of authors, publication date ranges, topics, document types, keywords, region, and country are given; they include the numbers of matching records within the search together with a link that lets you drill down to limit the results.

Browse Options

Several options are available in the left column for browsing the entire database. Clicking By Publication Date gives the oldest items first. Currently, OKR officially contains publications back to 2005 and will extend back to 2000 by the end of 2013. However, the annual World Development Reports is available starting in 1978 and at least some reports go back to the early 1990s.

It is worth clicking on the Topic browse link to look through the 600+ thesaurus terms that are applied to World Bank publications. There are many more topics than the agriculture, education, energy, economic, and poverty reduction terms that I expected. I became interested in Science and Technology Development--Innovation; Private Sector Development--E-Business; Girls Education; and Accommodation and Tourism Industry, for example.

I was surprised at the breadth of the collection of documents I found at the Open Knowledge Repository, and I was impressed with the ease and elegance of its interface, so much so that I am sorry that the World Bank is not more prolific! I've read that report on Spain's development and democracy that I mentioned earlier and was pleased to confirm impressions I had gathered and learn more about the unlikely development of Spain as a tourist destination under Franco. I also fell across a two-page document titled "16 Things You Didn't Know about Africa," which quickly gave me a much more nuanced picture of African countries. I recommend the Open Knowledge Repository whenever you need information on international economic and development initiatives, or cross-national comparisons in business and social science topics. I also recommend it as a model of an internet database and of commitment to open access.

Susanne Bjørner provides editorial services to publishers, librarians, authors, and researchers. Contact her at bjorner@earthlink.net or www.bjorner.info.






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